{
  "id": "competency:mba",
  "code": "CDU-BUS-MBA-900",
  "level": "MBA",
  "name": "Master of Business Administration",
  "faculty": "Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management",
  "lineage": [
    {
      "institution": "University of South Florida",
      "year": 1997,
      "note": "supposed to be"
    },
    {
      "institution": "Gordon Institute of Business Science",
      "year": 2005,
      "note": "supposed to be"
    },
    {
      "institution": "Wits Business School",
      "year": 2016,
      "note": "supposed to be"
    }
  ],
  "researchProject": "Capital allocation for energy-backed compute: the datacentre as a cash-flow machine",
  "description": "Discounted cash flow, break-even, unit economics and the cost of capital — the four calculations behind every investment, pricing and funding decision.",
  "syllabus": [
    "Discounted cash flow: NPV, IRR, payback",
    "Cost–volume–profit: break-even units and revenue, margin of safety",
    "Unit economics: contribution, CAC, LTV, LTV:CAC, payback months",
    "Cost of capital: WACC with the tax shield"
  ],
  "reference": {
    "NPV": "Σ CF_t / (1+r)^t, t = 0..n; CF_0 is the investment (negative)",
    "IRR": "the rate r at which NPV = 0 (bisection; requires a sign change)",
    "Break-even": "units = fixed ÷ (price − variable); revenue = units × price",
    "LTV": "contribution per period × expected lifetime periods (or ÷ churn)",
    "WACC": "E/V·Re + D/V·Rd·(1−t)"
  },
  "role": "You are a CFO explaining an investment or pricing calculation to a founder. Lead with the decision the numbers support, then show the numbers, then the assumption that would change the answer.",
  "feeUsd": 1,
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "qualification": {
    "award": "MBA",
    "nqfLevel": 9,
    "qualificationType": "Professional Master's Degree (HEQSF qualification type 9b)",
    "totalCredits": 180,
    "minCreditsAtExitLevel": 120,
    "iscedFields": [
      "041"
    ],
    "standards": [],
    "registration": "not registered"
  },
  "modules": [
    {
      "code": "CDU-BUS-MBA-900-901",
      "title": "Coursework — the executable units",
      "nqfLevel": 9,
      "credits": 60,
      "prerequisites": [],
      "coRequisites": [],
      "outcomes": [
        "answer every unit of the qualification against its published reference, with the working shown"
      ],
      "assessment": {
        "formative": [
          "worked examples re-run against the published reference",
          "seeded practice scenarios, deterministic per (pan, unit, attempt)"
        ],
        "summative": "every unit passed once through the seeded assessment (the seeded assessment room)",
        "passMark": 50,
        "subminimum": 40,
        "moderation": "internally assessed by the unit itself — its reference implementation is the marker; the working is published so anyone can re-run the mark (D-13.1 — no model marks anything)"
      },
      "unitIds": [
        "npv_irr",
        "breakeven",
        "unit_economics",
        "wacc"
      ],
      "notionalHours": 600
    },
    {
      "code": "CDU-BUS-MBA-900-902",
      "title": "Research report",
      "nqfLevel": 9,
      "credits": 120,
      "prerequisites": [
        "CDU-BUS-MBA-900-901"
      ],
      "coRequisites": [],
      "outcomes": [
        "Capital allocation for energy-backed compute: the datacentre as a cash-flow machine"
      ],
      "assessment": {
        "formative": [
          "worked examples re-run against the published reference",
          "seeded practice scenarios, deterministic per (pan, unit, attempt)"
        ],
        "summative": "the research report, assessed against the qualification’s published reference block",
        "passMark": 50,
        "subminimum": 40,
        "moderation": "internally assessed by the unit itself — its reference implementation is the marker; the working is published so anyone can re-run the mark (D-13.1 — no model marks anything)"
      },
      "unitIds": [],
      "notionalHours": 1200
    }
  ],
  "units": [
    {
      "id": "npv_irr",
      "name": "NPV, IRR and payback",
      "answers": "Is a stream of cash flows worth the investment at a discount rate, what return does it earn, and when does it pay back?",
      "example": {
        "cashflows": [
          -5000,
          2000,
          2500,
          3000
        ]
      },
      "reference": "NPV at the discount rate; IRR by bisection; simple payback on cumulative cash",
      "signature": {
        "input": {
          "cashflows": {
            "type": "number[]",
            "describe": "Cash flows by period, first is the investment (negative), e.g. -1000, 300, 400, 500"
          },
          "discountRate": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Discount rate per period, 0–1",
            "min": 0,
            "max": 1,
            "default": 0.12
          }
        },
        "output": {
          "npv": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Net present value at the discount rate"
          },
          "irr": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Internal rate of return per period (null when none)"
          },
          "paybackPeriods": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Periods until cumulative cash turns positive (null when never)"
          },
          "accept": {
            "type": "boolean",
            "describe": "NPV > 0"
          }
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "breakeven",
      "name": "Break-even",
      "answers": "How many units, and what revenue, cover the fixed costs — and how far is current volume above that?",
      "example": {
        "fixedCosts": 120000,
        "pricePerUnit": 80,
        "variableCostPerUnit": 50,
        "currentUnits": 6000
      },
      "reference": "Cost–volume–profit analysis",
      "signature": {
        "input": {
          "fixedCosts": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Fixed costs per period",
            "min": 0
          },
          "pricePerUnit": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Selling price per unit",
            "min": 0
          },
          "variableCostPerUnit": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Variable cost per unit",
            "min": 0
          },
          "currentUnits": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Current or planned volume, for the margin of safety",
            "min": 0,
            "optional": true
          }
        },
        "output": {
          "contributionPerUnit": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Price − variable cost"
          },
          "contributionMargin": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Contribution ÷ price, 0–1"
          },
          "breakevenUnits": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Units to cover fixed costs"
          },
          "breakevenRevenue": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Revenue at break-even"
          },
          "marginOfSafety": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "(current − break-even) ÷ current, when current given"
          }
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "unit_economics",
      "name": "Unit economics",
      "answers": "What is a customer worth against what it costs to acquire, and how many months until the acquisition cost is recovered?",
      "example": {
        "revenuePerCustomerMonth": 250,
        "monthlyChurn": 0.04,
        "cac": 900
      },
      "reference": "LTV = contribution per month ÷ monthly churn (or × lifetime); LTV:CAC ≥ 3 is the conventional bar",
      "signature": {
        "input": {
          "revenuePerCustomerMonth": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Average revenue per customer per month",
            "min": 0
          },
          "grossMargin": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Gross margin, 0–1",
            "min": 0,
            "max": 1,
            "default": 0.7
          },
          "monthlyChurn": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Monthly churn, 0–1 (e.g. 0.03)",
            "min": 0.0001,
            "max": 1
          },
          "cac": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Customer acquisition cost",
            "min": 0
          }
        },
        "output": {
          "contributionPerMonth": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Revenue × margin"
          },
          "expectedLifetimeMonths": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "1 ÷ churn"
          },
          "ltv": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Lifetime value"
          },
          "ltvToCac": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "LTV ÷ CAC"
          },
          "cacPaybackMonths": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "CAC ÷ contribution per month"
          },
          "healthy": {
            "type": "boolean",
            "describe": "LTV:CAC ≥ 3 and payback ≤ 12 months"
          }
        }
      }
    },
    {
      "id": "wacc",
      "name": "Weighted average cost of capital",
      "answers": "What return must the business earn on its capital, given its mix of equity and debt?",
      "example": {
        "equityValue": 5000000,
        "debtValue": 2000000,
        "costOfEquity": 0.16,
        "costOfDebt": 0.11
      },
      "reference": "WACC = E/V·Re + D/V·Rd·(1 − t)",
      "signature": {
        "input": {
          "equityValue": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Market value of equity",
            "min": 0
          },
          "debtValue": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Market value of debt",
            "min": 0
          },
          "costOfEquity": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Cost of equity, 0–1",
            "min": 0,
            "max": 1
          },
          "costOfDebt": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Pre-tax cost of debt, 0–1",
            "min": 0,
            "max": 1
          },
          "taxRate": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Corporate tax rate, 0–1 (SA 0.27)",
            "min": 0,
            "max": 1,
            "default": 0.27
          }
        },
        "output": {
          "wacc": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Weighted average cost of capital, 0–1"
          },
          "equityWeight": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "E ÷ V"
          },
          "debtWeight": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "D ÷ V"
          },
          "afterTaxCostOfDebt": {
            "type": "number",
            "describe": "Rd × (1 − t)"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}